Who was Yahya Sinwar? – The Hindu

Hamas’ top leader Yahya Sinwar, chief architect of Hamas’ attack on Israel on October 7, 2023.
| Photo Credit: AP

Immediately after Hamas’s October 7, 2023 attack in Israel, in which about 1,200 people were killed, the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) called Yahya Sinwar, the leader of the Islamist militant group in Gaza and the key architect of the attack. “a dead man walking”. A year later, after killing over 42,000 Palestinians, a vast majority of them women and children, and turning much of Gaza into rubble, the IDF announced on Thursday (October 17, 2024) that it has killed its most wanted man in an operation in Gaza’s Rafah.

Also read: Israel’s Foreign Minister confirms that Hamas top leader Yahya Sinwar was killed in Gaza

Born in a refugee camp in Khan Younis in southern Gaza in 1962, fourteen years after the state of Israel was created, Sinwar grew up under foreign occupation – first Egyptian and then Israeli. His parents were from Al-Majdal, a town north of Gaza today known as Ashkelon in Israel proper, from where they were forced out when the state of Israel was created in 1948. Some 7,00,000 Palestinians were made refugees between 1948-49, in what they call Nakba (catastrophe). The Sinwars fled south towards Gaza.

In Israeli jail

Sinwar became active in the Muslim Brotherhood in the 1980s and was first arrested by Israel in 1982, when he was 19. When Hamas was founded in 1987, Sinwar established the group’s internal security organisation, al-Majd, which was accused of targeting several Palestinians “for collaborating” with Israel. Sinwar was a brutal enforcer of loyalty. In 1988, he was arrested by the Israelis, convicted for the murder of 12 Palestinians and sentenced for four life sentences. He spent 22 years in Israeli prisons. But prison never broke him. He once told a Shin Bet interrogator, “You know that one day you will be the one under interrogation, and I will stand here as the government, as the interrogator.”

A fluent Hebrew speaker, Sinwar was driven by his deep antipathy towards the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and deep commitment to the Islamist ideology of Hamas. The Israeli prison for him was a learning “academy”. He said he was “married to the Palestinian cause”. And violence defined his method, right from the days when he was hunting down the “collaborators”.

Sinwar was released in 2011 as part of a prisoner swap deal when Israel freed 1,027 Palestinian prisoners in exchange for one soldier, Gilad Shalit, who had been taken captive by Hamas in 2006. By that time, Hamas was already in power in Gaza, and Ismail Haniyeh was its leader. As a former internal security chief who spent two decades in Israeli prisons, Sinwar already enjoyed a cult status among Hamas’s top ranks. He rose quickly within the militant group, and established close links with Haniyeh, and Hamas’s foreign backers, including Hezbollah and Iran. In 2012, Sinwar travelled to Iran to meet Qassem Soleimani, the Quds Force commander who was assassinated by the U.S. in January 2020 Baghdad.

The ruler of Gaza

In 2017, when Haniyeh became the head of Hamas’s Polit Bureau. Sinwar was chosen as the group’s leader in Gaza. A year later, in an interview, Sinwar said his life as the administrator of Gaza, which had been under Israeli blockade since 2007, was not any different from the time he spent in Israeli jails. “I have only changed prisons. And, despite it all, the old one was much better than this one. I had water, electricity. I had so many books. Gaza is much tougher,” he said. This was also the time when Hamas showed signs of moderation. It had halted suicide bombing. Its updated 2017 charter had expunged the anti-Semitic remarks of its original charter. Hamas leadership also signalled that they would accept the 1967 border as part of a long-term ceasefire with Israel.

But in the following years, Sinwar would see the Palestinian issue being pushed to a corner of West Asia. There were no talks between the Palestinians and the Israelis. Hamas controlled the blockaded Gaza, while Israel continued to deepen its occupation of the West Bank. The settler political class in Israel started pushing for the annexation of the West Bank settlements. Four Arab countries, including the UAE, would normalise ties with Israel in 2020 in an agreement brokered by the U.S. Saudi Arabia, the custodian of Islam’s two holiest mosques, was in an advanced stage of recognising the state of Israel.

October 7 attack

Sinwar’s response to the changes that were under way in the region was to launch a murderous attack inside Israel. The attack was an immediate success from his point of view — his forces took the Israelis by surprise. The famed Israeli intelligence agencies failed to foresee Sinwar’s move. Hamas militants unleashed violence for hours in Israeli towns. The political leadership was taken by surprise. But Sinwar perhaps miscalculated the Israeli response. He and millions of Palestinians had to pay a heavy price for his actions.

A vast majority of the victims of Hamas’ attack were Israeli civilians, which shook the country. The brutality of the attack further isolated Hamas, while Israel consolidated support among its allies, including the U.S. President Joe Biden, on whose watch the attack unfolded, launched a vengeful war on the Palestinians in Gaza, destroying much of the enclave. Israel repeatedly resisted calls for a ceasefire, even amid high civilian casualties in Gaza. Over the past year, it killed several of its enemies. Mohammed Deif, Hamas’s military wing chief, was killed on July 13. Haniyeh was killed on July 31 in Tehran. Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, was killed in a Beirut bombing on September 27. And now, Sinwar was also killed.

What is to be seen is whether these killings would provide Israel the long-term security it is pursuing or the wounds of the wars Israel is fighting would continue to trap the Jewish state in cycles of violence.